Last+Test+Notes

CCT 205 Professor G. Benick =Study Guide for Test 2=


 * Test Date/Time/Place**: Week 11, March 25, 2010 from 1 p.m. – 2:40 p.m. in the J102


 * Coverage**: Students are expected to be able to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the material covered in lectures, assigned readings and guest lectures with a focus on material covered in Weeks 7 – 10.


 * Format:** Short answers and essay question.


 * Required**: A pen for short answers and essay question. Your UTM student identification card will be checked before you leave the testing area.


 * Value**: 25% of final mark in CCT 205


 * Key concepts and terms**: the following list is intended to assist students to study for the test by focusing attention on important concepts and terminology covered in this course.


 * Important Note**: the following list does not represent the complete list of terms and concepts that will be covered on test2. This list is a guide only.

Public relations campaigns: goals and objectives Digital informational environment for political engagement Use of social media by political parties Use of digital networks by new social movements ExperiencePoint Inc. Networked governance Accelerated pluralism Cyberbalkanization Thin citizenship Definition and types of digital divide Optimists and pessimists with respect to the digital divide Barriers to accessing interactive communication technologies Connectivity by demographic groupings Internet usage by demographic groupings Second Life Avatars Identity in the information age The network society and the rise of resistance identities
 * Test 2 Focus: Weeks 7 – 11**

Public relations - the practice of managing the flow of information between an organization and its publics. (e.g. getting the word out) - gains an organization or individual exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment. - because public relations places exposure in credible third-party outlets, it offers a third-party legitimacy that advertising does not have. Common activities include speaking at conferences, working with the press, and employee communication; therefore it is often called earned media. - hope that members of the media will come and write a story of that event/idea therefore earning the right to be in that editorial hence the name earned media Campaign Planning • objective - What is the campaign aiming for ? • goals - What are the main changes this campaign is focusing on • audience - Who should this campaign aim for? • key messages - What is the key change we want to bring to the society • strategy - What are the ways to achieve our goals • tactics - How do we implement our strategy to reach our goals • measurement - Statistics • More intensive and extensive than old media • Political information ‘captured’ in multiple spaces created by new communication technologies i.e. email, internet sources, video
 * Public relations campaigns: goals and objectives **
 * Digital informational environment for political engagement **
 * New informational environment for political engagement **

· New politics is a struggle over info & perception management & control in wide range of media sources · Oppositional political formations outside of mainstream politics · Novel forms of direction political action: o Mass email campaigns, electronic petitions, parody sites

Parties use the web as multi-tools for: • Administrative: resource on party history, activities, contact information • Active campaign tool: party platform communicated directly to constituents; party sets own agenda and target it to specific groups • Organizational and participatory tool Advocacy Campaigns are about having the intention of creating change. - The Goal: To engage the public to help bring about the change you want - How? 1) Craft your message. 2) Persuade people to care. 3) Ask them to join you in making change.   - 1) Crafting: Decide what people need to know about your issue in order to agree to the changes you are campaigning for - 2) Pick something that will effect them directly, and will get the message through.   - 3) Ask them to join by applying pressure --> What do decision makers care about? (e.g. politicians care about getting votes, corporations care about making money, the public has a variety of interests)
 * Use of social media by political parties **
 * Use of digital networks by new social movements **
 * // (????not sure if this is the right answer) //**


 * ExperiencePoint Inc. **

ExperiencePoint helps individuals and their organizations achieve extraordinary results through "perfect practice". We design and deliver engaging, powerful simulations that enable focused experience with business theory, techniques, and tools. Our mission is to help individuals learn, grow, and excel in the workplace.

distribution of select government functions • decentralization and democratization of governance – policy consulting – service delivery – regulation of standards – program implementation - democratization of information - public officials using social media Is a possible scenario with erosion of traditional political parties = Will the Internet be a platform for single issue networks and protest groups thereby increasing the competition for parties? • political discussions on Net that lead to fragmentation and polarization rather than consensus • Net gives people access to a large number of news sources, but also lets them pinpoint the ones they agree with and ignore the rest • “thin citizenship,” “individuals not required to have their own active, engaged political memory because they can quickly respond to simplified policy options and poll questions policy options. • Thin citizen can respond quickly to political urges and need not spend significant amounts of time contemplating political matters • This comes from the idea web allows micro targeting and segmentation and political mobilization
 * Networked governance **
 * Accelerated pluralism **
 * Cyberbalkanization **
 * Thin citizenship **

** 1. Access ** based on the difference between individuals with access and those without access to ICTs Focus on Infrastructure: - Possibility/difficulty of having computers available that are connected to the worldwide net - Issues involving servers, hardware and software. Focus on Resource Usage: - Limitation/possibility that people have to use the resources and information available on the Web. - New modes of online education, business, medical servicing, telework, entertainment and leisure Focus on Capacity Building: - The difference related to the skills and capacities to adequately use the technology and not only the possibility of having a computer available - Development of digital literacy
 * Definition and types of digital divide **
 * 2. Usage** based on individuals who know how to use these technologies and those who do not
 * 3.** Usage **quality** based on the differences between those same users

Optimists = believe that convergence and the emergence of more user-friendly technology will diminish the impact of the digital divide going forward • Pessimists = question the assumptions of the optimists i.e. believe that convergence and more technology will only widen the gap
 * Optimists and pessimists with respect to the digital divide **

** 1. ** ** Income & affordability ** ** = ** ** Corporation giants like Microsoft use the power of compatibility and software to act as barriers to use specific programs. These softwares can be very costly **
 * Barriers to accessing interactive communication technologies **

** 2. ** ** Evolution of the technologies **= ** Technology is always changing and often new technologies build on the previous ones, if you dont have the foundations it is hard to catch up **

** 3. ** ** Falling prices ** **=** ** perhaps because of the theory that every piece of technology will either expand to include 2X the amount of space or decrease by 2X the price....so the theory is applied in that technology loses value quickly and we constantly need to update our products and those who are unable to will fall behind **

** 4. ** ** Social norms ** = ** This one im not so sure...but I would say wikispaces fosters a collaborative environment and lets say if someone does not believe in the idea of collaborative thoughts and is against conforming to this idea then they will not engage and thus the idea acts as a barrier to those who have opposing social ideas ** Necessity of ICTs vs other societal needs (eg. food, water, education, etc.) Like the example from class as well, in regards to social norms, low income families might not partake in ICT interaction as their friends/family also do not have access, so even if one person has a computer and Internet access, they may not feel like they have anyone to communicate with, or they may not use the Internet for the same purposes. Example: Social Norms of eldery - An old lady probably won't ask her other old lady friend for her MSN because it's not the norm for old people to use certain online technologies.

Variables of interest: income, education, age, gender, geographical location. Each of these results in the delineation of different groupings of people, with different size and other characteristics.
 * Connectivity by demographic groupings **

Internet use declines dramatically with age • Over 90% of teenagers use the Net • Less than 5% for individuals 70 years & older • Access opportunities • Skill • Perceived needs • Attitudes and overall lifestyles this is a virtual world developed by Linden Lab that launched on June 23,2003 and is accessible via the internet • A free client program, allows its users, called Residents, to interact with each other through Avatars • Residents can explore, meet other residents, socialize, participate in individual and group activities, and trade virtual property etc. • caters for users aged over eighteen • Second life has internal currency, the Linden Dollar (L$), it can be used to buy, sell, rent or trade Services include "Camping", wage labor, business management etc. • Does not have a designated objective, nor traditional game play mechanics or rules • Vast majority of users use Second Life primarily as an entertainment medium
 * Internet usage by demographic groupings **
 * Second Life **

computer user's representation of himself/herself or alter ego, whether in the form of a three-dimensional model used in computer games, a two-dimensional icon (picture) used on Internet forums and other communities or instant messaging programs
 * Avatars **

• The internet has become a significant social laboratory for experimenting with the constructions and reconstructions of self that characterize postmodern life(Turkle, 1995) • New way of thinking about the identity as having the potential to be multiple. Through the internet, people are able to build a self by cycling through many selves. • Much of the converging media has created an arena for online participants to form new identities in other worlds in cyberspace. Users can now adopt identities that are different from one they have in real life • This other self or cyber self is uniquely specific to the internet
 * Identity in the information age //(again im not sure if this is the right answer guys)// **

• There’s some evidence that college students have mixed feelings about being guinea pigs for the faux-friendship age. • One student interviewed for a study of why and how college students use Facebook (The Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2007) admitted that being privy to the personal details of “friends” who she had not seen in years made her uncomfortable.
 * The network society and the rise of resistance identities //(again im not sure if this is the right answer guys)// **Online social networks are so new that it’s impossible to know their long-term impact.

Attributes of the network society Technological determinism **Continued on next page ↓** Social shaping perspective Web 1.0 and 2.0 Information society Fordism and Post-fordism Instrumentalism Substantivism Social constructivism Deterritorialization Customization Manuel Castells Michel Foucault Characteristics of new economy Restructuring of work and employment in new economy Taylorism Sources of surveillance data Bentham’s Panopticon Industrial robots
 * Test 2: Demonstrate understanding of main concepts covered in Weeks 1 – 5**

• Castells 1997 • An informational economy • Global economy • Network enterprise • Transformation of work: flexi-workers • Social polarization/social exclusion • Timeless time • Space of flows
 * Attributes of the network society **

How technology has an overwhelming power to drive human interaction and social change. (Western view); technological determinist s isolate the technology factor and they don't think you can stop/reverse it
 * Technological determinism **

technologies are continuously remade by what users do with them. New media technologies both shape and are shaped by their social economic and cultural contexts. The social web web2.0 vs information web
 * Social shaping perspective **
 * Web 1.0 and 2.0 **

The replacement of the "production of 'material values' with the mass production and circulation of 'information values'...yielding increased leisure and new information-based industries." (Barney, The Network Society, p.7)
 * Information society **

Fordism is the mass, mechanized, production of standardized goods in a rigid and segmented process. Human labour is reduced to the repetitive execution of specialized, routinized tasks (Network Society, p.10-11) derived from Henry Ford's institution of assembly line car manufacturing. It is characterized by uniformity and less customization. • Post-Fordism involves economies of scope (specialized orders, customization and just-in-time deliveries), variable product types, individual multitasking, limited individual judgment, and so forth (Network Society, p.13). Products are more individualized (for example, Dell Computers)
 * Fordism and Post-fordism **

technologies are neutral tools. Also, outcomes depend on how technologies are used • Outcome depends on how technologies are used. • We use technology to achieve more effectively ends that we deem worthwhile. – **Technologies are neutral tools** – **Outcomes depend on how technologies are used**
 * Instrumentalism **

Technology embodies specific values & ways of being in the world Individual devices may be neutral to their end usage, but technology in general encourages and enforces a particular way of being in the world. Impacts of technology depending on social relations and local conditions that support the technology. Possibility of many different kinds of impacts depending on social interactions • refers to the global (or deterritorialization) nature of new media • never has there been a mass communications system that seems so little contained by territorial space • distance is no longer a determining factor (space vs. place) • economic activity on a global scale --> globalization
 * Substantivism **
 * Social constructivism **
 * Deterritorialization **


 * Customization **
 * in the network society, citizens, consumers, and working people are increasingly in charge (e.g. facebook - customize your own page)

network enterprise model(5):Internal decentralized firms, Multilocations, small/medium firms linked with large firms, Joint ventures and Network of synchronous communication
 * Manuel Castells **

Panopticon, a single guard can watch over many prisoners while the guard remains unseen • The dark dungeon of pre-modernity has been replaced with the bright modern prison, but Foucault cautions that "visibility is a trap" Productivity is derived from the application of knowledge • Networking: capacity to assemble information and distribute it in a flexible, adaptable way aided by IT • Highly skilled, mobile labour key resource for any company (temporary workers, shift work, portfolio workers) • Generic versus self programmable labour
 * Michel Foucault **
 * Characteristics of new economy **

• **Organization of work and labour: flexibility versus security** • #1 flexible workers • #2self employment • #3 temporal and spatial dislocation • #4 end of single occupational trajectory or firm • #5 lifelong learning
 * Restructuring of work and employment in new economy **

is the process of finding ways to improve and the efficiency of worker activity and workshop organization based upon scientific studies of human efficiency and incentive systems; for example, the flattening of hierarchies and limited decentralization of decision-making (Network Society, p.13). To assure socially approved conditions of work by creating higher standard of living to workers.
 * Taylorism **

Banks & data marketers collect data from transactions & web surfing Retailers collect data on every transaction Government agencies collect data from tax returns, property tax records & voting records Employer records including keylogging software for all computers connected to a company network (on/off site; wired/wireless) University networks use keylogging software Internet surfing records kept by your ISP Public records Public private video cameras Bentham’s Panopticon a prison design based on the theory of observing without being observed. In this case, the guards being the observers and the prisoners being the observed.
 * Sources of surveillance data **

architectural design for prisons which allowed many to be watched by a few who could not be seen • Live with knowledge that prisoners could be subject to continuous observation Japan's robot culture emphasizes technologies that are no longer just meant to do things for humans, but also do things to and for humans • Robots as social entities are expected to fulfill new roles as companions, care takers, " natural" interaction partners, and mediators between humans and the technical environment. • robots are not only designed for utilitarian purposes, but to function "the same as flowers-something that speaks directly to the soul" • Japan is known as the "robot kingdom" first through its domination of the industrial robot market.
 * Bentham’s Panopticon **
 * Industrial robots **

=**__ HERE IS LAST YEARS STUDY GUIDE - Test 2 Focus: Weeks 7 – 11 __** ** Advocacy and public relations campaigns: goals and process **. • Advocacy Campaigns are about having the intention of creating change. - The Goal: To engage the public to help bring about the change you want  - How? 1) Craft your message. 2) Persuade people to care. 3) Ask them to join you in making change.  - 1) Crafting: Decide what people need to know about your issue in order to agree to the changes you are campaigning for   - 2) Pick something that will effect them directly, and will get the message through.   - 3) Ask them to join by applying pressure --> What do decision makers care about? (e.g. politicians care about getting votes, corporations care about making money, the public has a variety of interests) =

• ** Public relations ** - the practice of managing the flow of information between an organization and its publics. (e.g. getting the word out) - gains an organization or individual exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment. - because public relations places exposure in credible third-party outlets, it offers a third-party legitimacy that advertising does not have.Common activities include speaking at conferences, working with the press, and employee communication; therefore it is often called earned media. - hope that members of the media will come and write a story of that event/idea therefore earning the right to be in that editorial hence the name ** earned media **

· __ Astro Boy __ is a science fiction manga series set in a futuristic world wherein androids co-exist with humans. Its focus is on the adventures of "Astro Boy" (sometimes called simply "Astro"), a powerful robot created by the head of the Ministry of Science, Doctor Tenma, to replace his son Tobio, who died in a car accident. · Astro shown fighting crime, evil, and injustice. Most of his enemies were robot-hating humans, robots gone berserk, or alien invaders. · Almost every story included a battle involving Astro and other robots. · First to establish anime aesthetic
 * Astro Boy **

• Most famous manga character in all of Japan is Doraemon - equivalent of Mickey Mouse in the U.S.   • Doraemon and his namesake series symbolize to many the foibles and adventures of childhood. • Children's manga (later a TV-series) about a boy named Nobi Nobita who is so unlucky, weak and lazy that his descendants had to send the family robot back in time to help him out. • That robot is Doraemon (where the "Dora" is presumably based on the word "dora-neko," or stray cat), and his four-dimensional pocket produces any number of futuristic gadgets and devices meant to help Nobita become something other than a complete failure in adulthood. • Though smart and caring, Doraemon has his own foibles, and his partnership with Nobita produces both triumphs and disasters
 * Doraemon **

• computer user's representation of himself/herself or alter ego, whether in the form of a three-dimensional model used in computer games, a two-dimensional icon (picture) used on Internet forums and other communities or instant messaging programs
 * Avatars **

Blogs today are very important, often they reflect public opinions and provide the readers with potential new information and allow for the discussion of issues. How to measure the effectiveness of a blog: · Who looks at them? · Who clicks on them? · How long do they look at the blog site? · How many different blogs are talking about the same thing? · How does it compare to its competitors. o Example: A blog site talking about Barack Obama's campaign, many other blogs talking about it as well- this shows the importance and even popularity of Obama (people are clicking on the links and reading about him). compare how many blog sites talk about McCain--Little=little effectiveness.
 * __ Blogs __** __:__

1. Income & affordability · ** Corporation giants like Microsoft use the power of compatibility and software to act as barriers to use specific programs. These softwares can be very costly ** 2.  Evolution of the technologies · ** Technology is always changing and often new technologies build on the previous ones, if you dont have the foundations it is hard to catch up **
 * Barriers to accessing interactive communication technologies **

3. Falling prices · ** perhaps because of the theory that every piece of technology will either expand to include 2X the amound of space or decrease by 2X the price....so the theory is applied in that technology loses value quickly and we constantly need to update our products and those who are unable to will fall behind **

4. Social norms · ** This one im not so sure...but I would say wikispaces fosters a collaborative environment and lets say if someone does not believe in the idea of collaborative thoughts and is against conforming to this idea then they will not engage and thus the idea acts as a barrier to those who have opposing social ideas ** Necessity of ICTs vs other societal needs (eg. food, water, education, etc.) Like the example from class as well, in regards to social norms, low income families might not partake in ICT interaction as their friends/family also do not have access, so even if one person has a computer and Internet access, they may not feel like they have anyone to communicate with, or they may not use the Internet for the same purposes. Example: Social Norms of eldery - An old lady probably won't ask her other old lady friend for her MSN because it's not the norm for old people to use certain online technologies.

• objective - What is the campaign aiming for ? • goals - What are the main changes this campaign is focusing on • audience - Who should this campaign aim for? • key messages - What is the key change we want to bring to the society • strategy - What are the ways to achieve our goals • tactics - How do we implement our strategy to reach our goals • measurement - Statistics
 * Campaign Planning **

• book about communication and business that included 95 theses on the changes in marketing "A powerful global conversation has begun, throught the internet, people are discovering and inventing new ways to share relevant information with binding speed. As a direct result, markets are getting smarter - and getting smarter then most companies" · "Internet is a conversation that empowers voice" (Lecture 8 Slide 26) []
 * Cluetrain Manifesto **

__Theses 1 – 6: Markets are Conversations__ Historically, the authors state, the marketplace was a location where people gathered and talked to each other (thesis 1): they would discuss available products, price, reputation and in doing so connect with others (theses 2-5.) The authors then assert that the internet is providing a means for anyone connected to the internet to re-enter such a virtual marketplace and once again achieve such a level of communication between people. This, prior to the internet, had not been available in the age of mass media (thesis 6.) __Thesis 7: Hyperlinks Subvert Hierarchy__ The ability of the internet to link to additional information – information which might exist beyond the formal hierarchy of organizational structure or published material from such an organization – acts as a means of subverting, or bypassing, formal hierarchies. __Theses 8-13: Connection between the new markets and companies__ The same technology connecting people into markets outside of organizations, is also connecting employees within organizations (thesis 8.) The authors suggest that these networks create a more informed marketplace/consumer (thesis 9) through the conversations being held. The information available in the marketplace is superior to that available from the organizations themselves (thesis 10-12.) The authors, through the remaining theses, then examine the impact that these changes will have on organizations and how, in turn, organizations will need to respond to the changing marketplace to remain viable. __Theses 14 – 25: Organizations entering the marketplace__ With the emergence of the virtual marketplace, the authors indicate that the onus will be on organizations to enter the marketplace conversation (thesis 25) and do so in a way that connects with the ‘voice’ of the new marketplace (thesis 14-16) or risk becoming irrelevant (thesis 16). __Theses 26 - 40: Marketing & Organizational Response__ The authors then list a number of theses that deal with the approach that they believe organizations will need to adopt if they are to successfully enter the new marketplace (thesis 26) as it is claimed that those within the new marketplace will no longer respond to the previously issued mass-media communications as such communication is not ‘authentic’ (thesis 33.) __Theses 41 - 52: Intranets and the impact to organization control and structure__ More fully exploring the impact of the intranet within organizations, theses forty-one through fifty-two elaborate on the subversion of hierarchy initially listed as thesis seven. When implemented correctly (theses 44-46), it is suggested that such intranets re-establish real communication amongst employees in parallel with the impact of the internet to the marketplace (thesis 48) and this will lead to a 'hyperlinked' organizational structure within the organization which will take the place of (or be utilized in place of) the formally documented organization chart (thesis 50). __Theses 53 - 71: Connecting the Internet marketplace with corporate Intranets__ The ideal, according to the manifesto, is for the networked marketplace to be connected to the networked intranet so that full communication can exist between those within the marketplace and those within the company itself (thesis 53.) Achieving this level of communication is hindered by the imposition of ‘command and control’ structures (thesis 54-58) but, ultimately, organizations will need to allow this level of communication to exist as the new marketplace will no longer respond to the mass-media ‘voice’ of the organization (theses 59-71) __Theses 72 - 95: New Market Expectations__ Theses seventy-two through ninety-five aim to identify the expectations (theses 76, 77, 78, 95) and changes (thesis 72) that exist within the new marketplace and how those expectations and changes will require a corresponding change from organizations (theses 79, 84, 91, 92, 94). From [|Wikipedia]

-Variables of interest: income, education, age, gender, geographical location. -Each of these results in the delineation of different groupings of people, with different size and other characteristics.
 * Connectivity by demographic groupings **

• political discussions on Net that lead to fragmentation and polarization rather than consensus • Net gives people access to a large number of news sources, but also lets them pinpoint the ones they agree with and ignore the rest
 * Cyberbalkanization **

· ** Echo Chamber: ** Metaphorically, the term echo chamber is any situation in which information, ideas or beliefs are amplified or reinforced by transmission inside an "enclosed" space (mentioned in Lecture 8 slide 25)

· Came across a website with some talk on cyberbalkaniazation: maybe it can help explain the topic... have a look * []

• American political strategist, chief campaign manager for Barack Obama's 2008 Presidential campaign • Plouffe was the mastermind behind a winning strategy • Plouffe's control over the internal workings of the Obama campaign successfully avoided the publicly aired squabbles that frequently trouble other campaigns • Plouffe divided the states into 16 different campaigns • In every campaign he had different sectors and strategies
 * David Plouffe **

1. Access based on the difference between individuals with access and those without access to ICTs Focus on Infrastructure: - Possibility/difficulty of having computers available that are connected to the worldwide net - Issues involving servers, hardware and software. 2. Usage based on individuals who know how to use these technologies and those who do not Focus on Resource Usage: - Limitation/possibility that people have to use the resources and information available on the Web. - New modes of online education, business, medical servicing, telework, entertainment and leisure 3. Usage quality based on the differences between those same users Focus on Capacity Building: - The difference related to the skills and capacities to adequately use the technology and not only the possibility of having a computer available - Development of digital literacy
 * Definition and types of digital divide **

• distribution of select government functions • decentralization and democratization of governance – policy consulting – service delivery – regulation of standards – program implementation - democratization of information - public officials using social media
 * Networked governance **

• Equipment: hardware, software & connections • Autonomy of use: work or home; monitored or not, compete for time or not • Skill • Social support • Purposes for which the technology is employed
 * 5 dimensions of digital inequality **

• Identity correlates to reputation and trust, and the construction of a good identity will translate into successful online experience. • Online Identity is also less and less virtual in its consequences • People spending increasing amount of their time online & online time is an increasingly important part of their real life, when it is not colliding directly with their off-line life
 * Identity in the information age **

• Japan's robot culture emphasizes technologies that are no longer just meant to do things for humans, but also do things to and for humans • Robots as social entities are expected to fulfill new roles as companions, care takers, " natural" interaction partners, and mediators between humans and the technical environment. • robots are not only designed for utilitarian purposes, but to function "the same as flowers-something that speaks directly to the soul" • Japan is known as the "robot kingdom" first through its domination of the industrial robot market.
 * Robot Culture in Japan **

· development of robot culture in Japan also related to societal factors such as the aging populationa nd low birth rates

• Japan's political and economic emphasis on advanced technologies also depended on the societal structure to support such developments • The Japanese blue-collar working class has always been small, never constituting more than a third of the workforce, so a working-class identity like that in the West did not develop • Japanese industrial paternalism and lifetime employment policies assured that workers would not lose their jobs as a result of workplace automation, but would be given work elsewhere in the firm • While protecting the male worker, the social structure of Japan supported the techno-nationalist dream at the expense of certain parts of the population, particularly women and the illegal foreign workforce, which could be hired and fired at will and bore the brunt of economic fluctuations
 * Industrial robots **

** Internet and Social Networking Sites **
Growth of Social Networking sites - By mid-2004 there were over 200 social networking sites, including Friendster, Linkedln, Ryse, orkut, ZeroDegrees, Meetup, Tickle and NeoSociety, Facebook, Twitter - In these communities, an initial set of founders sends out messages inviting members of their own persona;l networks to join the site. New members repeat the process, growing the total number of members and links in the network. - Sites then offer features such as automatic address book updates, viewable profiles, the ability to form new links through introduction services, and other forms of online social connections. · Internet allows people to establish trust accross national boundaries · social networking sites especially micro blogging is new so hard to see their long term impact · enhance existing relationships · networks allow us to engage in new spaces change the way we think, the form of our communities and they change our identities.

• In December 2008 more people logged on to a so-called member community websites on the internet than they did an email service, according to Nielsen online, a research company that monitors internet usage around the globe • During December 2008, there were 242 million unique visitors to social networking sites and 236 million to email sites around the world
 * Increased use of social networking **

• Internet use declines dramatically with age • Over 90% of teenagers use the Net • Less than 5% for individuals 70 years & older • Access opportunities • Skill • Perceived needs • Attitudes and overall lifestyles
 * Internet usage by demographic groupings **

• More intensive and extensive than old media • Political information ‘captured’ in multiple spaces created by new communication technologies i.e. email, internet sources, video
 * New informational environment for political engagement **

· New politics is a struggle over info & perception management & control in wide range of media sources · Oppositional political formations outside of mainstream politics · Novel forms of direction political action: o Mass email campaigns, electronic petitions, parody sites

• Optimistsàbelieve that convergence and the emergence of more user-friendly technology will diminish the impact of the digital divide going forward • Pessimistsàquestion the assumptions of the optimists i.e. believe that convergence and more technology will only widen the gap
 * Optimists and pessimists with respect to the digital divide **

• It is a virtual world developed by Linden Lab that launched on June 23,2003 and is accessible via the internet • A free client program, allows its users, called Residents, to interact with each other through Avatars • Residents can explore, meet other residents, socialize, participate in individual and group activities, and trade virtual property etc. • caters for users aged over eighteen • Second life has internal currency, the Linden Dollar (L$), it can be used to buy, sell, rent or trade Services include "Camping", wage labor, business management etc. • Does not have a designated objective, nor traditional game play mechanics or rules • Vast majority of users use Second Life primarily as an entertainment medium
 * Second Life **

• The democratization of information, transforming people from content readers into content publishers. It is the shift from a broadcast mechanism to a many-to-many model, rooted in conversations between authors, people, and peers. For example, Blogs - which allow users to post contents online for viewing
 * Social media **

· Social media uses the “wisdom of crowds” to connect info in a collaborative manner. · Forms of Social Media: o Internet forums, message boards, weblogs, wikis, podcasts, pictures and video · Examples of social media applications: o Google (reference, social networking), Wikipedia (reference), MySpace (social networking), Facebook (social networking), Lastfm. (personal music), YouTube (social networking and video sharing), Second Life (virtual reality), and Flickr (photo sharing). · Purpose of Social Media: o Develop community o Broadcast and amplify a particular perspective o Help with product/candidate development o Get feedback o Create content o Create peer relationships between candidate, party and voters o Foster communication and increase trust

** Saul Alinsky **
· Alinsky came up with the idea of power analysis, which looks at relationships built on self-interest between corporations, banks and utilities · Alinsky championed new ways to organize the poor and powerless that created a backyard revolution in cities across America · Founder of modern community organizing The political practice of organizing communities to act in self interest

1. Power is not only what you have but what the enemy thinks you have. 2. Never go outside the experience of your people. 3. Wherever possible go outside of the experience of the enemy. 4. Make the enemy live up to their own book of rules. 5. Ridicule is man's most potent weapon. 6. A good tactic is one that your people enjoy. 7. A tactic that drags on too long becomes a drag. 8. Keep the pressure on. 9. The threat is usually more terrifying than the thing itself. 10. The major premise for tactics is the development of operations that will maintain a constant pressure upon the opposition. 11. If you push a negative hard and deep enough it will break through into its counterside. 12. The price of a successful attack is a constructive alternative. 13. Pick the target, freeze it, personalize it, and polarize it.
 * // Alinsky's twelve rules of power //**

• architectural design for prisons which allowed many to be watched by a few who could not be seen • Live with knowledge that prisoners could be subject to continuous observation • Bentham was a lawyer and social activist with an agenda to improve the lives of the powerless in his culture. • Seeking to improve upon the abhorrent prison conditions that predominated in Britain at the time, Bentham designed the panopticon as the modern model for a rehabilitative prison. • The general idea behind the design is that prisoners are distributed around a centrally located watch tower. • Prisoners were able to view the tower and knew they were being watched (which theoretically should have induced behavioral changes) while the guards surveyed all of the prisoners easily from the tower. • A secondary benefit for the prisoners was an opportunity to be in an isolated environment that provided time for contemplation of the behavior that brought them to prison.
 * Bentham’s Panopticon **

• network enterprise model(5):Internal decentralized firms, Multilocations, small/medium firms linked with large firms, Joint ventures and Network of synchronous communication
 * Castells, Manuel **

• Productivity is derived from the application of knowledge • Networking: capacity to assemble information and distribute it in a flexible, adaptable way aided by IT   • Highly skilled, mobile labour key resource for any company (temporary workers, shift work, portfolio workers) • Generic versus self programmable labour
 * Characteristics of new economy **

· ·  · in the network society, citizens, consumers, and working people are increasingly in charge (e.g. facebook - customize your own page) · · also argued that the customization enabled by network technology is largely superficial, that interactive choices serve primarily to add to the storehouses of data that enable increasingly sophisticated techniques of surveillance and control *
 * Customization (67-68 **

• refers to the global (or deterritorialization) nature of new media • never has there been a mass communications system that seems so little contained by territorial space • distance is no longer a determining factor (space vs. place) • economic activity on a global scale --> globalization
 * Deterritorialization (62-64) **


 * Engagement pyramid **



• Fordism is the mass, mechanized, production of standardized goods in a rigid and segmented process. Human labour is reduced to the repetitive execution of specialized, routinized tasks (Network Society, p.10-11) derived from Henry Ford's institution of assembly line car manufacturing. It is characterized by uniformity and less customization. • Post-Fordism involves economies of scope (specialized orders, customization and just-in-time deliveries), variable product types, individual multitasking, limited individual judgment, and so forth (Network Society, p.13). Products are more individualized (for example, Dell Computers)
 * Fordism and Post-fordism **

• Panopticon, a single guard can watch over many prisoners while the guard remains unseen • The dark dungeon of pre-modernity has been replaced with the bright modern prison, but Foucault cautions that "visibility is a trap" • It is through this visibility, Foucault writes, that modern society exercises its controlling systems of power and knowledge (terms which Foucault believed to be so fundamentally connected that he often combined them in a single hyphenated concept, "power-knowledge") • Increasing visibility leads to power located on an increasingly individualized level, shown by the possibility for institutions to track individuals throughout their lives. Foucault suggests that a "carceral continuum" runs through modern society, from the maximum security prison, through secure accommodation, probation, social workers, police, and teachers, to our everyday working and domestic lives. All are connected by the (witting or unwitting) supervision (surveillance, application of norms of acceptable behaviour) of some humans by others
 * Foucault, Michel **

• The replacement of the "production of 'material values' with the mass production and circulation of 'information values'...yielding increased leisure and new information-based industries." (Barney, The Network Society, p.7)
 * Information society **

• technologies are neutral tools. Also, outcomes depend on how technologies are used • Outcome depends on how technologies are used. • We use technology to achieve more effectively ends that we deem worthwhile.
 * Instrumentalism **

all human communication involoves interaction between people. it also refers to the capacity of digital communications media to enable a high degree of intervention and choice by users conversing the manner in which they receive information (Barney, The network society page 64) - includes e-mail, discussion lists, chat rooms, multiple-user domains, online gaming, etc - network communications enable a high degree of intervention and choice by users concerning the manner in which they receive information - maybe the most important example of this kind of interactivity is ** hypertext ** (the coding of WWW pages that enables users to navigate through, across and between documents at their discretion, in ways not always intended by the publishers of that information).
 * Interactivity **

• is a society in which a combination of social and media networks shapes its prime mode of organization and most important structures at all levels (individual, organizational and societal). This type of society can be compared to a mass society that is shaped by groups, organizations and communities ('masses') organized in physical co-presence.
 * Attributes of the network society **

Community: any group of individuals who interact and share some common characteristics
 * Open creative communities **

Open: no artificial barriers to entry; membership comes from creative citizenship, both professional and amateur

Creative: production of ideas and inventions that are personal, original and //meaningful//


 * Post-industrialism & critiques of post-industrial thesis **

• a late 20th century stream of social philosophy that attempts to describe a condition or state of being, while radically undermining traditional notions of the constitution of truth and reality. (p. 16)
 * Postmodernism **

- From jobs available to work available - From job security to work security - From postsecondary education to life long learning - From career path of climbing ladder to spiral or lateral paths - From specialization to multi- skilling - From hierarchical to flatter organizations - Fewer full time jobs; more contracts, temporary, part-time opportunities - Expanded team work; more responsibility and accountability at all levels - More self directed job seekers selling services on job to job basis - Performance pay; softening in salaries - Expectation that employees will relocate; more global work environments
 * Restructuring of work and employment in new economy **

An emergent class in the work force consisting of knowledge workers, intellectuals, and various types of artists. · paid to create · attatched to "creative habitats" · share "creative ethos" · driving future prosperity
 * Richard Florida’s creative class **

• Impacts of technology depending on social relations and local conditions that support the technology. Possibility of many different kinds of impacts depending on social interactions.
 * Social constructivism (39-43) **

• technologies are continuously remade by what users do with them. New media technologies both shape and are shaped by their social economic and cultural contexts.
 * Social shaping perspective **

Banks & data marketers collect data from transactions & web surfing Retailers collect data on every transaction Government agencies collect data from tax returns, property tax records & voting records Employer records including keylogging software for all computers connected to a company network (on/off site; wired/wireless) University networks use keylogging software Internet surfing records kept by your ISP Public records Public private video cameras Bentham’s Panopticon a prison design based on the theory of observing without being observed. In this case, the guards being the observers and the prisoners being the observed.
 * Sources of surveillance data **

• technology embodies specific values & ways of being in the world. • Individual devices may be neutral to their end usage, but technology in general encourages and enforces a particular way of being in the world.
 * Substantivism **

• is the process of finding ways to improve and the efficiency of worker activity and workshop organization based upon scientific studies of human efficiency and incentive systems; for example, the flattening of hierarchies and limited decentralization of decision-making (Network Society, p.13). To assure socially approved conditions of work by creating higher standard of living to workers.
 * Taylorism **

• How technology has an overwhelming power to drive human interaction and social change. (Western view); technological determinist s isolate the technology factor and they don't think you can stop/reverse it (Benick, Lecture, Jan. 22nd, 2009)
 * Technological determinism **

New Media make the passage of time and physical distance of space seem shorter - this is a distinct mark of postmodernity - time is erased in the new communication system - places exist primarily as point of origins to move to other destinations - only those who have access to these new media technologies are qualifies for membership into the network society
 * Time space compression ** (page61-62)

• Information based. Where books, music, news were moved into digital format. Such as AOL, geocities, netscape. • The term "Web 2.0" describes the changing trends in the use of World Wide Web technology and web design that aim to enhance creativity, communications, secure information sharing, collaboration and functionality of the web. Web 2.0 concepts have led to the development and evolution of web culture communities and hosted services, such as social-networking sites, video sharing sites, wikis and blogs. It encapsulates the idea of the proliferation of inter-connectivity and interactivity of web-delivered content. Examples include Facebook, eBay, wikipedia, craiglist, Flickr etc.
 * Web 1.0 and 2.0 **
 * Web 1.0 **

• Is a faculty member in school of social sciences of oxford brookes university who wrote What Information Society? the online reading from week one. in it Frank Webster argues that there has been 5 ways in which people have attempted to justify the use of the term information society; these are technological, economic, occupational, spatial, and cultural, each of which we find unsatisfactory in that they fail to put us under the title accurately. .
 * Webster, Frank ** **